Eye Disorders: Diabetic Retinopathy

Diabetes is a condition that interferes with the body’s ability to use and store sugar. Over time, Diabetes may cause weakening of the small blood vessels found in the retina. These blood vessel changes are called Diabetic Retinopathy. Early stages of Diabetic Retinopathy, called Background Retinopathy, cause small hemorrhages to form throughout the retina. These vascular changes may also cause areas of swelling, or edema, in various parts of the retina. Vision is usually not effected at this stage unless the swelling occurs in the central region of the retina called the macula. This stage may last for years without progression, and may require laser treatment only if retinal swelling occurs in the macula. As the disease progresses, areas of retinal ischemia (tissue damage caused from a lack of blood supply) begin to develop. Ischemia causes the formation of new and fragile blood vessels called neovascularization. These blood vessels are very weak and prone to bleed, sometimes heavily, causing a pronounced and often sudden loss of vision. Scar tissue also begins to develop in areas of neovascularization that can eventually pull or tug on the retina, causing retinal detachment. This advanced stage is called Proliferative Retinopathy and may be treatable with extensive retinal laser, or when needed, more aggressive surgical techniques. Not every diabetic patient develops Diabetic Retinopathy. However, the longer one has diabetes the more likely Retinopathy will develop. Poor control of blood sugar, pregnancy, high blood pressure, and smoking may promote development or worsening of Retinopathy. Early diagnosis and treatment is critical in maintaining stable ocular health.